Examples: service denial

• 1990: US 800 service down (4 hours)

• 1991: Major cities lose phones (8 hours)

• 1992: Survey shows US losses at $4 billion

• 1993: Email overload attacks 80% effective

• 1994: Rolling blackouts shut down US

• 1995: Comp-U-Serve loses 40,000 Emails

• 1996: Western states power blackout cascade failure

• 1997: Net protocol attacks widely exploited for denial

• 1998: Internet-based NT denial on national scale

• 1999: Melissa brings down major sites for >24 hours

• 2000: DCAs on major e-commerce firms hits the press

Notes: