A historical perspective

Information protection is about 5,000 years old as a research field (ancient cryptography)
Ongoing global R&D has always existed
Governments rarely dominated this effort
- World War II is a rare exception
In the recent boom, most of the underlying research came from the universities
- Most of the theory, RSA crypto system and PKI, virus defenses, access control methods, firewalls, the Internet, and on and on...

Information protection is about 5,000 years old as a research field (ancient cryptography)