Examples: denial of services

• 1990: US 800 service down (4 hours)

• 1991: Major cities lose phones (8 hours)

• 1992: Survey shows US losses at $4 billion

• 1993: Email overload attacks 80% effective

• 1994: Rolling blackouts shut down US

• 1995: Comp-U-Serve loses 40,000 Emails

• 1996: Western states power blackout by cascade failure

• 1997: Network protocol attacks widely exploited for denial

• 1998: Ping of death and UDP viruses used in widespread attacks

• 1999: IW attacks during Bosnian Conflict

Notes: