[iwar] [fc:Agro.Terrorism]

From: Fred Cohen (fc@all.net)
Date: 2001-09-22 18:51:03


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Subject: [iwar] [fc:Agro.Terrorism]
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Agro-terrorism:

Agricultural Biowarfare:

State Programs to Develop Offensive Capabilities The chart below
includes states that have developed or are suspected of developing
biological agents with anti-livestock or anti-crop properties, although
zoonotic agents can infect both livestock and humans.1 &lt;<a
href="http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/agprogs.htm#1">http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/agprogs.htm#1>
This chart summarizes data available from open sources.  Precise
assessment of a state's capabilities is difficult because most
bio-warfare programs were, and/or are, secret and cannot be
independently assessed.  For information on complete CBW state programs
and activities, see the CBW: Possession and Programs chart &lt;<a
href="http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/possess.htm">http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/possess.htm>
. 

STATE STATUS2 DATES DISEASE COMMENTS Canada3 Former 1941-1960's anthrax,
Rinderpest Exact date of project termination unclear Egypt4 Probable
1972-present anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, psittacosis, Eastern equine
encephalitis France5 Former 1939-1972 potato beetle, Rinderpest Exact
date of project termination unclear Germany6 Former 1915-1917, 1942-1945
anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, potato beetle, wheat fungus
During WWII also experimented with turnip weevils, antler moths, potato
stalk rot, potato tuber decay, and misc.  anti-crop weeds Iraq7 Known
1980s-present aflatoxin, anthrax, camelpox, foot and mouth disease,
wheat stem rust Believed to retain elements of program despite UN
disarmament efforts; camel pox may have been surrogate for smallpox
Japan8 Former 1937-1945 anthrax, glanders During WWII experimented with
misc.  anti-crop fungi, bacteria, nematodes North Korea9 Probable ? -
present anthrax

Rhodesia10 (Zimbabwe) Uncertain/Former 1978-1980 anthrax A suspicious
epidemic of cattle anthrax resulted in 182 human deaths.  Some
epidemiologists believe government forces infected livestock to
impoverish the rural black population during the last phase of the civil
war.  South Africa11 Former 1980ıs-1993 anthrax Syria12 Probable ? -
present anthrax United Kingdom13 Former 1937-1960ıs anthrax Exact date
of project termination unclear United States14 Former 1943-1969 anthrax,
brucellosis, Eastern &amp; Western equine encephalitis, foot and mouth
disease, fowl plague, glanders, late blight of potato, Newcastle
disease, psittacosis, rice blast, rice brown spot disease, Rinderpest,
Venezuelan equine encephalitis, wheat blast fungus, wheat stem rust
USSR15

(Russia, Khazakstan, Uzbekistan) Formerly active; current status unclear
1935-1992 African swine fever, anthrax, Avian influenza, brown grass
mosaic, brucellosis, contagious bovine pleuropneunomia, contagious
ecthyma (sheep), foot and mouth disease, glanders, maize rust, Newcastle
disease virus, potato virus, psittacosis, rice blast, Rinderpest, rye
blast, tobacco mosaic, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, vesicular
stomatitis, wheat &amp; barley mosaic streak, wheat stem rust Also
experimented with parasitic insects and insect attractants

1 Zoonotic agents/diseases above are anthrax, brucellosis, glanders,
psittacosis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis,
and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. 

2 Known: where states have either declared their programs or there is
clear evidence of possession

Probable: where states have been publicly named by government or
military officials as 'probable' possessors or as producing agents

Former: where states have acknowledged having a program in the past

3 The Office of Technology Assessment includes Canada in a list of
countries that have admitted to having had "offensive [biological]
weapon munition supplies or development programs in the past." U.S. 
Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Proliferation of Weapons of
Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks (Washington, DC: U.S.  Government
Printing Office, August 1993), p.  63.  See also Stockholm International
Peace Research Institute, The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare
, Vol.  I (NY: Humanities Press, 1971), p.  118-119; and John Bryden,
Deadly Allies: Canada's Secret War 1937-1947, pp.  108, 120, 210, 218,
223, 243. 

4 "The United States believes that Egypt had developed biological
warfare agents by 1972.  There is no evidence to indicate that Egypt has
eliminated this capability and it remains likely that the Egyptian
capability to conduct biological warfare continues to exist." ACDA
Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control Agreements: 1997 Annual
Report to Congress, (U.S.  Dept.  of State) [ <a
href="http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html">http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html>
&lt;<a
href="http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html">http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html>
].  Anthrax is among those agents which Egypt has reportedly conducted
applied research.  Shoham, "Chemical and Biological Weapons in Egypt,"
The Nonproliferation Review, 5:3 (Spring-Summer 1998), p.  54-55. 

5 Jonathan Ban, "Agricultural Biological Warfare: An Overview" &lt;<a
href="http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf">http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf>
, The Arena , No.  9 (June 2000), Chemical and Biological Arms Control
Institute, p.  2.  See also Oliver Lepick, "French Activities Related to
Biological Warfare, 1919-1945," in Geissler, Erhard and Moon, John Ellis
van Courtland, eds., Biological Warfare from the Middle Ages to 1945,
(NY: Oxford University Press, 1999); and Michael Mates, ³Biological
Weapons: the Threat of the New Century?² NATO Parliamentary Assembly,
Science and Technology Committee, Subcommittee on the Proliferation of
Military Technology, April 16, 1999 [ <a
href="http://www.naa.be/publications/comrep/1999/as135stcmt-e.html#T1-2-B">http://www.naa.be/publications/comrep/1999/as135stcmt-e.html#T1-2-B>
&lt;<a
href="http://www.naa.be/publications/comrep/1999/as135stcmt-e.html#T1-2-B">http://www.naa.be/publications/comrep/1999/as135stcmt-e.html#T1-2-B>
]. 

6 Jonathan Ban, "Agricultural Biological Warfare: An Overview" &lt;<a
href="http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf">http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf>
, The Arena , No.  9 (June 2000), Chemical and Biological Arms Control
Institute, p.  2.  See also Erhard Geissler, "Biological Warfare
Activities in Germany, 1923-45" in Geissler, Erhard and Moon, John Ellis
van Courtland, eds., Biological Warfare from the Middle Ages to 1945,
(NY: Oxford University Press, 1999); and W.  Seth Carus, Bioterrorism
and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents in the 20th Century
, Working Paper (Center for Counterproliferation Research, National
Defense University, August 1998/July 1999 revision), p.  87-89. 

7 "Despite Coalition bombing, UNSCOM destruction, and UN sanctions and
monitoring, Iraq may retain elements of its old program, including some
missile warheads." Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation:
Threat and Response, 1997 Report (U.S.  Dept.  of Defense) [<a
href="http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/prolif97/meafrica.html#iraq">http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/prolif97/meafrica.html#iraq>
]; "The United States believes that Iraq is capable of producing
biological warfare agents and is probably intent on continuing its
offensive BW efforts if the threat of UNSCOM inspections and long-term
monitoring are removed." Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Adherence
to and Compliance with Arms Control Agreements: 1995 Annual Report to
Congress (Washington, DC: U.S.  Arms Control and Disarmament Agency);
See also United Nations Special Commission, "Latest Six-Monthly Report,"
April 16, 1998, (United Nations) [<a
href="http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/s98-332.htm">http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/s98-332.htm>];
United Nations, "Fourth Report under Resolution 1051," June 10, 1997 [<a
href="http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/s97-774.htm">http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/s97-774.htm>];
and the Eighth UNSCOM Report to the Security Council, S/1995/864,
October 11, 1995 [<a
href="http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/sres95-864.htm">http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/sres95-864.htm>]. 

8 Jonathan Ban, "Agricultural Biological Warfare: An Overview" &lt;<a
href="http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf">http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf>
, The Arena, No.  9 (June 2000), Chemical and Biological Arms Control
Institute, p.  2.  See also Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars:
A True Story of Biological Warfare , (NY: St.  Martins Press, 2000), p. 
24; Sheldon Harris, "The Japanese Biological Warfare Program: An
Overview," in Geissler, Erhard and Moon, John Ellis van Courtland, eds.,
Biological Warfare from the Middle Ages to 1945, (NY: Oxford University
Press, 1999); and Senator Dianne Feinstein, "Introduction of the
Japanese Imperial Army Disclosure Act of 1999 &lt;<a
href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/feinstein.html">http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/feinstein.html>
," Congressional Record: November 10, 1999 (Senate), p.  S14533-S14571. 

9 Russian intelligence reports that North Korea is conducting military
applied research on anthrax.  Russian Federation Foreign Intelligence
Service, "A New Challenge After the Cold War: Proliferation of Weapons
of Mass Destruction," p.  99.  See also North Korea Advisory Group,
Report to The Speaker U.S.  House of Representatives &lt;<a
href="http://www.house.gov/international_relations/nkag/report.htm">http://www.house.gov/international_relations/nkag/report.htm>
, November 1999; Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars: A True
Story of Biological Warfare, (NY: St.  Martins Press, 2000), p. 
329-330; and Joseph S.  Bermudez, Jr., "Exposing the North Korean BW
Arsenal," Jane's Intelligence Review, August 1998, 28-29. 

10 Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars: A True Story of
Biological Warfare, (NY: St.  Martins Press, 2000), p.  214-223; U.S. 
Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies Underlying
Weapons of Mass Destruction , OTA-BP-ISC-115 (Washington, DC: U.S. 
Government Printing Office, December 1993), p.  110; Meryl Nass,
"Anthrax Epizootic in Zimbabwe, 1978-1980: Due to Deliberate Spread?"
The PSR Quarterly, 2:4 (December 1992), 198-209; J.C.A.  Davies, "A
Major Epidemic of Anthrax in Zimbabwe, Part 1," Central African Journal
of Medicine, 28 (1982), 291-298; J.C.A.  Davies, "A Major Epidemic of
Anthrax in Zimbabwe, Part 2," Central African Journal of Medicine, 29
(1983), 8-12. 

11 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, "Special Investigation into
Project Coast: South Africa's Chemical And Biological Warfare Programme
&lt;<a
href="http://www.mg.co.za/mg/projects/trc/2chap6c.htm">http://www.mg.co.za/mg/projects/trc/2chap6c.htm>
," Final Report, Vol.  2, chap.  6, October 29, 1998; A government
spokesman stated that South Africa's biological weapons program has been
"terminated, and that the material for offensive purposes in government
storage has been destroyed." The program was shut down in 1993 and its
products dumped at sea.  See Buchizya Mseteka, "S.  Africa Says it
Terminated Chemical Weapons Scheme," Reuters, June 15, 1998; and Tom
Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars: A True Story of Biological
Warfare, (NY: St.  Martins Press, 2000), p.  220

12 In its annual report to Congress, ACDA states that "it is highly
probable that Syria is developing an offensive biological warfare
capability." ACDA, Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control
Agreements: 1997 Annual Report to Congress (U.S.  Dept.  of State) [<a
href="http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html">http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html>
]; Also, Syria has a "[p]robable production capability for anthrax and
botulinum toxin, and possibly other agents." Anthony H.  Cordesman,
"Creeping Proliferation Could Mean a Paradigm Shift in the Cost of War
and Terrorism &lt;<a
href="http://www.csis.org/mideast/stable/3h.html">http://www.csis.org/mideast/stable/3h.html>
," (Center for Strategic and International Studies). 

13 Jonathan Ban, "Agricultural Biological Warfare: An Overview" &lt;<a
href="http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf">http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf>
, The Arena , No.  9 (June 2000), Chemical and Biological Arms Control
Institute, p.  2.  See also Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute, The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare , Vol.  I (NY:
Humanities Press, 1971), p.  117-118; and Michael Mates, "Biological
Weapons: the Threat of the New Century?² NATO Parliamentary Assembly,
Science and Technology Committee, Subcommittee on the Proliferation of
Military Technology, April 16, 1999 [<a
href="http://www.naa.be/publications/comrep/1999/as135stcmt-e.html#T1-2-B">http://www.naa.be/publications/comrep/1999/as135stcmt-e.html#T1-2-B>]. 

14 Jonathan Ban, "Agricultural Biological Warfare: An Overview" &lt;<a
href="http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf">http://www.cbaci.org/arenaban.pdf>
, The Arena, No.  9 (June 2000), Chemical and Biological Arms Control
Institute, p.  2-3; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,
The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol.  I (NY: Humanities
Press, 1971), p.  122-123.See also USAMRIID, "A History of Biological
Warfare," [<a
href="http://www.gulfwarvets.com/biowar.htm">http://www.gulfwarvets.com/biowar.htm>]

15 Ken Alibek with Stephen Handelman, Biohazard (NY: Random House,
1999), pp.  268-269, 301; and ³The Soviet Union's Anti-Agricultural
Biological Weapons,² Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 894
(1999), 18-19; According to the DOD, some work "outside the scope of
legitimate biological defense activity may be occurring" in Russia. 
Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response,
1997 Report (U.S.  Dept.  of Defense) [<a
href="http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/prolif97/fsu.html#russia">http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/prolif97/fsu.html#russia>
].  "[S]ome facilities, in addition to being engaged in legitimate
activity, may be maintaining the capability to produce biological
warfare agents." ACDA, Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control
Agreements: 1997 Annual Report to Congress (U.S.  Dept.  of State) [<a
href="http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html">http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/reports/annual/comp97.html>]. 

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